SURVEYING - 1
CHAPTER – 1 SURVEYING DEFINATION SURVEYING CAN BE DEFINED AS “THE SCIENCE AND ART OF DETERMINING THE RELATIVE POSITIONS OF VARIOUS POINTS ABOVE, ON OR BELOW THE EARTH SURFACE WITH THE HELP OF MEASURING DISTANCE, DIRECTION AND ELEVATION USING DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS. IMPORTANCE OF SURVEYING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING v PLANNING PHASE v DESIGNING PHASE v CONSTRUCTION AND LAYOUT PHASE PRIMARY DIVISION OF SURVEYING 1. PLANE SURVEYING ü THE SURVEYING IN WHICH EARTH SURFACE IS ASSUMED AS A PLANE AND THE CURVATURE OF THE EARTH IGNORED, IS KNOWN AS PLANE SURVEYING. ü AREA IS LESS THAN 260 Sq.km. ü LOW DEGREE OF ACCURACY ü THE EARTH SURFACE IS ASSUMED TO BE PLANE THAT IS TWO DIMENSION. ü DONE LOCALLY BY THE INDIVIDUAL ORGANIZATION. 2. GEODETIC SURVEYING ü THE SURFACE IN WHICH THE CURVATURE OF EARTH SURFACE IS CONSIDERED IS KNOWN AS GEODETIC S...